Ptypes - Archive 2

PTypes Personality Types

Archive 2

Cognitive therapists, Aaron T. Beck, Arthur Freeman, Denise D. Davis, and associates explain their use of the term "strategy."

Karen Horney and Reinhold Niebuhr [12.12.05]

Karen Horney's mature personality theory, joined with the Christian theological psychology of Reinhold Niebuhr, forms the psychological backbone of PTypes.

Some of Hemingway's Code Heroes [12.07.05]

Hemingway defined the Code Hero as "a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful."

Self-Hate - Expanded. [12.05.05]

According to Karen Horney there are six major ways in which people express self-hatred.

Arrogant-Vindictive Type [12.05.05]

"In Neurosis and Human Growth, there are three distinct expansive solutions: the narcissistic, the perfectionistic, and the arrogant-vindictive" - Bernard J. Paris.

Ernest Hemingway's Search for Glory [11.30.05]

Ernest Hemingway's strategy to alleviate basic anxiety, or as Karen Horney called it, his search for glory, consisted of a pursuit of achievement through creativity, artistry, and skill, and a reliance on strength of will and self-sufficiency.

Compensatory Narcissistic Character Type [11.22.05]

The basic strategy, or search for glory, of the compensatory narcissistic character is an attempt to alleviate anxiety by obtaining social recognition and prestige.

The Expansive Solution [11.20.05]

"Moving against others is an attempt to alleviate interpersonal anxiety by conquering, defeating and dominating others" - Terry Cooper.

The Self-Effacing Solution [11.20.05]

The movement toward others attempts to resolve anxiety by accomodating others, winning their affection or approval and reducing any possibility of conflict. - Terry Cooper.

The Resignation Solution [11.09.05]

"The movement away from others attempts to resolve anxiety through detachment or aloofness" - Terry Cooper.

Karen Horney and Character Disorder [11.02.05]

"Dr. Irving Solomon prepares practitioners to conduct Horneyan therapy and successfully treat character disorder, the most common dysfunction of our time."

Neurotic Pride [10.27.05]

"The third aspect of an idealized image is neurotic pride, a false pride based, not on a realistic view of the true self, but on a spurious image of the idealized self."

The Search for Glory [10.27.05]

In Neurosis and Human Growth Karen Horney referred to the comprehensive drive to actualize the "ideal self" as the neurotic "search for glory."

The Pride System [10.26.05]

The idealized image generates a pride system, which includes neurotic pride, neurotic claims, and tyrannical shoulds.

Self-Hate [10.25.05]

In Neurosis and Human Growth, Karen Horney explains how the pride system generates self-hate.

Karen Horney: Intrapsychic Strategies of Defense [10.24.05]

In a "Brief Account of Karen Horney," Bernard J. Paris provides a short summary of the "intrapsychic strategies of defense" theorized by Karen Horney.

Reinhold Niebuhr [10.24.05]

A short excerpt from "The Neo-Orthodox Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr" by Paul Foreman.

The Idealized Self and Grace [10.06.05]

Terry D. Cooper explains how the imaginative construction of an idealized self interferes with the reception of grace.

Salvation [09.15.05]

I see the personality disorders as typological representations of strategies of self-salvation. But only "by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works lest any man should boast." (Ephesians 2:8-9).

Basic Trust [09.14.05]

Erik Erikson's "basic trust" is analogous to faith, or trust, in God, or Ultimate Reality.

Horney's Three Neurotic 'Solutions' to Alleviate Anxiety [09.12.05]

According to Marcia Westkott, Karen Horney saw these three neurotic 'solutions' as ideal types.

Basic Anxiety [08.01.05]

According to Karen Horney, "basic anxiety" is the foundation of, or predisposition for, the neurotic personality.

Neurotic Claims [07.28.05]

"Healthy wishes, desires, hopes, and aspirations are strikingly different from neurotic claims. In the latter, there is a clear quality of entitlement" (?).

Idealized Self [07.28.05]

"Horney calls self-idealization 'a comprehensive neurotic solution'" - Bernard Paris.

Shoulds [07.28.05]

A neurotic "unconsciously tells himself: 'Forget about the disgraceful creature you actually are; this is how you 'should be'" - Karen Horney.

Sigmund Freud's Pride According to Ernest Becker [07.19.05]

In speaking of Sigmund Freud in The Denial of Death, Ernest Becker connects pride with the causa-sui project

The Neurotic Needs According to Karen Horney [07.16.05]

"In The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, Horney develops a new paradigm for the structure of neurosis. She is not concerned with neuroses caused by particularly stressful situations but with those in which 'the main disturbance lies in the deformations of the character'" (Bernard J. Paris, Karen Horney, pg. 103)

Sin, Pride, and Self-Acceptance [07.06.05]

"Pride and self-hate belong inseparably together; they are two expressions of one process." - Karen Horney

Pride Version 2 [06.24.05]

From the essay by Eileen Sweeney, "Vice and Sin (Ia IIae, qq. 71-89)" in The Ethics of Aquinas.

Whether Pride Is a Sin? [06.22.05]

"I answer that, Pride [superbia] is so called because a man thereby aims higher [supra] than he is..."

Whether pride is the beginning of every sin? [06.20.05]

Thomas Aquinas argued that Pride is the first sin, the source of all other sins, and the worst sin.

Inclosing Reserve [06.15.05]

Indesluttedhed ("inclosing reserve," or as Ernest Becker translated it, "shut-upness") is a core psychological concept of the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard. It looks to be the "Cardinal Vice" of the Avoidant personality type.

Pride [05.24.05]

"Pride is the excessive love of one's own excellence. It is ordinarily accounted one of the seven capital sins. St. Thomas, however, endorsing the appreciation of St. Gregory, considers it the queen of all vices, and puts vainglory in its place as one of the deadly sins" (Joseph F. Delany).

Behaviors of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder [05.19.05]

"Personality traits are consistently found (across people and over time) dimensions of thinking, behavior and feeling" (Neill). This module will focus on behavior.

Vices of Narcissistic Personality Disorder [05.14.05]

One definition of ego is "an exaggerated sense of self-importance."

Too Conscientious [04.25.05]

The Conscientious Type, missing the mark in excess of its strengths and virtues, equals Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.

Too Inventive [04.08.05]

The Inventive Type, missing the mark in excess of its strengths and virtues, equals Compensatory Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

Motivational Dispositions [04.03.05]

"The dispositional perspective is the traditional, classic approach to the psychological study of personality" - James Neill.

The Cardinal Dispositions [03.29.05]

The Cardinal Dispositions function as the "basic traits" of the types.

Character Strengths and Virtues: [01.08.05]
Conscientious, Sensitive, Vigilant, Idiosyncratic, Solitary, Leisurely, Serious, Self-Sacrificing; [01.21.05] Self-Confident; [01.28.05] Adventurous, Aggressive; [01.30.05] Inventive; [02.02.05] Artistic; [02.04.05] Dramatic; [02.05.05] Mercurial; [02.06.05] Devoted.

Serious type: character strengths and virtues [12.29.04]

The Serious Type is the type of disposition in which seriousness is the mean, ~~frivolousness~~ carelessness the deficiency, and depressiveness the excess.

Conscientious type: character strengths and virtues [12.27.04]

"A virtues approach to personality"

Ernest Hemingway: Artistic/cyclothymic personality prototype [12.22.04]

I'm using Hemingway and his "personal characteristics" as the prototype for my "Artistic/cyclothymic" personality type.
Character Strengths and Virtues
Character Weaknesses and Vices

Know Your Major Weaknesses [12.18.04]

Contra Virtue Theory [12.11.04]

In his article, "Virtues and Vices," in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Bernard Williams states that there are a number of matters on which a modern account of the virtues would disagree with of Aristotle's classical account in the Nicomachean Ethics, one of which is their reality.

Virtuous and Vicious Types [12.10.04]

Aristotle on Self-Discipline [12.08.04]

Virtue Ethics [11.27.04]

"Personality psychology, given its concern with human potential, motivation, and will, can be regarded as a modern, scientific outgrowth of moral philosophy . . . Nonetheless, with rare exceptions . . . the virtues have been largely ignored in modern personality theory" (Cawley, Martin, Johnson).

Personality Discussion Board [09.25.04]

I am a contributing member of the Siberia Personality Discussion Board where there is lively discussion of psychiatric, Oldham, Keirsey, and Enneagram personality types as well as, really, all matters pertaining to personality.

A Stoic approach to dealing with manipulators [08.23.04]

"In the 25-plus years that I have been practicing clinical psychology, I cannot recall a single instance when a patient sought my help because he or she wanted to stop manipulating other people. On the other hand, not surprisingly, victims of manipulation frequently seek psychological help to cope with a relationship that is a source of great frustration and stress to them" (Harriet Braiker).

The essence of religion according to Epictetus [05.20.04]

"What do we admire? Externals. What are we in earnest about? About externals. Are we, then, at a loss to know how it comes about that we are subject to fear and anxiety? Why, what else can possibly happen, when we regard impending events as things evil? We cannot help but be in fear, we cannot help but be in anxiety. And then we say, "O Lord God, how may I escape anxiety? Fool, have you not hands? Did not God make them for you" (Discourses 2.16.11-13, trans. Oldfather)?

The End and Happiness [04.28.04]

"You are right, of course, my dear Lucilius, in deeming the chief means of attaining the happy life to consist in the belief that the only good lies in that which is honorable. For anyone who deems other things to be good, puts himself in the power of Fortune, and goes under the control of another; but he who has in every case defined the good by the honorable, is happy with an inward happiness" (Seneca, Epistles 74, trans. Gummere).

Cognitive Impressions (phantasiai kataleptikai) [04.27.04]

A cognitive impression (katal�ptik� phantasia) is an impression which: (a) arises from what is, and (b) is stamped and impressed in accordance with what is, and (c) is of such a kind as could not arise from what is not - D. L. Hitchcock.

The Externals (ta ektos) [04.23.04]

The habitual false valuation of externals as good and bad is the basis of personality disorder. "For what else is tragedy than the perturbations of men who value externals exhibited in this kind of poetry?" - Epictetus.

Erroneous Value-judgments [04.19.04]

Schizoid personality disorder is a typological representation of bad character, of a vicious disposition formed by habitual passion. Passions are, or result from, erroneous value-judgments. The objects of passion listed below (derived mostly from Beck, Freeman, and associates, 1990, pp. 51-2) are indifferent things which the Schizoid personality incorrectly judges to be good or bad. The cure of Schizoid personality disorder will require correcting these habitual, erroneous value-judgments by making correct use of impressions.

Making proper use of impressions [04.15.04]

The personality disorders represent habitual misjudgments of what is good and bad. The cure of personality disorder requires making proper use of impressions.

'In our power' (eph’ h�min) [04.13.04]

Personality disorders are formed by habitual false value-judgments of externals, things outside the scope of moral character and, therefore, 'not in our power' (ouk eph’ h�min).

Moral Character (prohairesis) [04.12.04]

"A man's moral character is the primary cause of his performing good and bad acts" (Long & Sedley). The personality disorders are typological representations of bad character.

The PTypes Typology [03.19.04]

The main scheme of Schizothymic: Hyperesthetic, Anesthetic; and Cyclothymic: Depressive, Hypomanic was defined by Ernst Kretschmer in Physique and Character (1925) and used by David Keirsey in Please Understand Me (1978).

The Enchiridion, or Manual, of Epictetus; George Long translation [02.17.04]

"Among Epictetus' pupils, who came from all parts of the Empire, was a certain Flavius Arrian, later consul under Hadrian and the historian of Alexander. Arrian took careful notes of the lectures and teaching of Epictetus and published them in the eight books of the Discourses, of which the first four have survived. Arrian says in his preface that the Discourses are 'in the very language Epictetus used, so far as possible', and preserve 'the directness of his speech'. Arrian also compiled out of his lecture notes a compendium of the main tenets of Epictetus, the Encheiridion, or Manual" - Great Books of the Western World, Vol. 12.

Habit in Epictetus' Discourses [01.14.04]

"Every habit and faculty is maintained and increased by the corresponding actions: the habit of walking by walking, the habit of running by running....For it is impossible for habits and faculties, some of them not to be produced, when they did not exist before, and others not be increased and strengthened by corresponding acts."

Good and bad [11.13.03]

"The central claim of Stoic ethics is that only the virtues and virtuous activities are good, and that the only evil is vice and actions motivated by vice." - Keith Seddon, "Epictetus," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Value and indifference [11.12.03]

"Perhaps the most characteristic doctrine of Stoic ethics is that virtue alone is good, vice alone bad. Everything else traditionally assigned a positive or negative value - health or illness, wealth or poverty, sight or blindness, even life or death - is 'indifferent'." - David Sedley, "Stoicism," Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Impulse and appropriateness [11.11.03]

The Stoics say that an animal has self-preservation as the object of its first impulse, since nature from the beginning appropriates it. The first thing appropriate to every animal is its own constitution and the consciousness of this (Diogenes Laertius, trans. Long and Sedley).

Colin McGinn on The Picture of Dorian Gray [10.22.03]

Dorian Gray focuses his hopes for happiness on his external beauty instead of on the beauty, or virtue, of his moral character. The results are tragic.

A Stoic theory of pathology [10.06.03]

At this point I'm using text from E. Vernon Arnold's chapter "Sin and Weaknesses" in Roman Stoicism, and some text from Cicero, to outline a Stoic theory of pathology.

Musonius Rufus: "Will the philosopher prosecute anyone for personal injury?" [08.22.03]

Musonius Rufus: "On Sexual Indulgence" [08.18.03]

Oldfather: "So many passages in Epictetus can be paralleled closely from the remaining fragments of Rufus (as Epictetus always calls him) that there can be no doubt but the system of thought in the pupil is little more than an echo, with changes of emphasis due to the personal equation, of that of the master"

Values fundamental to Cyclothymic Personality Disorder [07.02.03]

The "Value System" and the "Cognitive Effects," or typical beliefs (revised), of the cyclothymic personality.

Basic Passions of the Types [07.01.03]

Correction: Using the term "Ruling Passions" turns out to be a misstep. "Basic Passions" is standard, more in line with Schwartz, Wiggins, & Norko.

Ruling Passions of the Types [06.26.03]

Replaces "Basic Passions of the Types." The idea of Ruling Passions is at least several centuries old, but I was reminded of it earlier this year when I saw the use made of it by Judith Sills in Excess baggage: getting out of your way (1993). It seems that in the early 1990's clinical psychologist Sills was doing something similar to what I was doing, that is, combining some of the ideas of John M. Oldham (psychiatric personality styles) and Don Richard Riso (Enneagram personality types). There is nothing like the Ruling Passions in Stoicism, and I make use of the idea only as a typological convenience (Schwartz, Wiggins, & Norko, pp. 426-27); its use, here, is strictly governed by Stoicism's unique conception of passion.

The universal personality disorder [06.19.03]

I'm trying to apply the Stoic conception of pathology to the psychiatric category of personality disorder. We tend to value, as good and bad, things that are really indifferent, thus making needs out of preferences. See, for example, Obsessive-Compulsive, Avoidant, Paranoid, Histrionic, Schizoid, and Dependent.

The Primary Passions [05.15.03]

Long & Sedley (pp. 410-11) translate Strobaeus [speaking for the Stoics]:

"[O]ne must suppose that some passions are primary and dominant, while others have these as their reference. The generically primary ones are these four: appetite, fear, distress, pleasure. (4) Appetite and fear come first, the former in relation to what appears good, and the latter in relation to what appears bad. Pleasure and distress result from these: pleasure whenever we get the objects of our appetite or avoid the objects of our fear; distress, whenever we fail to get the objects of our appetite or experience the objects of our fear." <

Cicero on Temperament [01.12.03]

"The whole essence of propriety is quite certainly consistency, both in life as a whole and in individual actions, and you cannot secure this if you imitate other people's nature and overlook your own . . . Each person therefore should get to know his own temperament and show himself an acute judge of his own merits and weaknesses"

A Mind Map of Stoicism [12.23.02]

Central Image: *GOD* (Logos)

Basic Ordering Ideas:

THEOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
ETHICS
EPISTEMOLOGY
LOGIC
ONTOLOGY
COSMOLOGY

Fundamental Dogmas of Stoicism [12.10.02]

The fundamental dogmas of Stoicism as found by Pierre Hadot in the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius and as formatted by Bruce MacLennan in "Notes on Marcus Aurelius."

The Core Dogmas of Stoicism [12.07.02]

I like Bruce MacLennan's formulation of Marcus Aurelius: "First, commitment to a way of life; then reinforcement of it through dogmas, theorems, rational argument and systems."

A Subject Index of Keith Seddon's Messages to the International Stoic Forum [10.31.02]

Keith H. Seddon Ph.D. is a leading Stoic thinker on the web. I can't think of a better introduction to Stoic thinking and to the practice of Stoicism than the collection of messages that Dr. Seddon has posted to the International Stoic Forum. I'm working on Version 2 of the Seddon index.

Schizoid Values [10.9.02]

Schizoid Personality Disorder is a typological representation of a particular maladaptive value system ( See The Stoic account of why people behave badly), and the maladaptive cognitive and behavioral habits based on that system.

Stoic Psychotherapy [09.19.02]

Don Woollen has written an essay, "A Preliminary Study of Stoicism as Psychotherapy," which provides a model of Stoic Psychotherapy, and which is the basis of my understanding and will be the basis of my presentation of Stoic Psychotherapy.

Stoic practice [07.26.02]

"No school has more goodness and gentleness; none has more love for human beings, nor more attention to the common good. The goal which it assigns to us is to be useful, to help others, and to take care, not only of ourselves, but of everyone in general and of each one in particular."
(Seneca, On Clemency 3.3, trans. Hadot in The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, 1998, p. 231)(Source)

Basic Passions of the Types [06.10.02]

I've adopted Don Riso's terms, "Basic Desire" and "Basic Fear." Desire and fear are the two fundamental passions that Stoics wish to extirpate.

Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, IV. XXXII-XXXV. [On Love] [04.24.02]

Cicero mocks the Stoics who, "while condemning all pathos and madness as beyond the control of one's reason and will, still strongly approve of Eros" (Pevnick).

Masochistic Personality Disorder [01.16.02]

Cyclothymic Personality Disorder [01.04.02]

Compensatory Narcissistic Personality Disorder [12.21.01]

Schizotypal Personality Disorder [11.24.01]

Schizoid Personality Disorder [10.24.01]

Borderline Personality Disorder [10.22.01]

Histrionic Personality Disorder [10.19.01]

Paranoid Personality Disorder [10.18.01]

Dependent Personality Disorder [10.16.01]

The Perspectives of Psychiatry [09.30.01]

McHugh proposes that the fifth edition of the DSM, slated for 2007, incorporate a conceptual structure for psychiatry that seeks to identify the essence of mental disorders as expressions of psychological life in a context of pathology and misdirection. This approach, used at Hopkins for over 20 years, is based on four explanatory methods or perspectives: disease, dimension or psychological variation, behavior and life story. - Johns Hopkins

Rationalist Topics [08.18.01]
Idealist Topics [08.09.01]
Hedonist Topics [08.07.01]
Traditionalist Topics [08.07.01]

Many of these additional topics originated in ideas expressed by David Keirsey in Please Understand Me.

Back to the way Keirsey has it [07.09.01]

I've reversed the action of the previous entry.

The four humors of Hippocrates [06.25.01]

[corrected above]
I've rearranged the correlations of Hippocrates' humors made by Keirsey. They now agree with Eysenck (1977, pg. 17), LaHaye (1977, pg.56), and other temperament theorists.

PTypes Temperament Test [06.06.01]

The Four Temperaments [05.16.01]

David Keirsey reconfigured the typology created by Isabel Briggs Myers to four groups of four types. In PTypes, those four groups are represented by the following:

A comparison of four dimension personality instruments (4 personality types) [04.19.01]

It was Jung's opinion that people instinctively understand the personality in terms of a set of four elements (his four types being one example of such a set, and the four humours of the Greeks being another). These groups of four (technically called tetralogies) underlie a very large number of personality assessment techniques.
-- Disc Interconsult.

Emma Bovary: Dramatic personality type [03.30.01]

In an essay about the novel, Madame Bovary, Erica Jong says that the heroine "dies because she has attempted to make her life into a novel"...
A lengthy excerpt, compiled by Mark S. Micale in Approaching Hysteria from a number of passages in the first half of Madame Bovary, supports this idea.

Sublimation and the Schizothymic temperament [03.05.01]

In Life against Death, Norman O. Brown (pp. 157-58) decried "Apollonian" sublimation and called for the construction of a "Dionysian" ego; but it turns out that sublimation is the essential regulatory mechanism of the Schizothymic temperament.

Compensatory Narcissistic personality disorder and the five-factor model of personality [01.30.01]

Here are some possible symptoms and problems, in terms of the five-factor model of personality, associated with Compensatory Narcissistic Personality Disorder:

The Sociobiology of Antisocial personality disorder [01.02.01]

The relatively new discipline of sociobiology argues that psychopathy is not so much a psychiatric disorder as an expression of a particular genetically based reproductive strategy. -- Robert D. Hare.

Otto Rank: Artistic personality type [11.27.00]

Once the favorite son of Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank broke away from psychoanalysis at age 40, when he first visited America. Rank had been Freud's closest disciple and colleague from 1906-1926, the formative years of the psychoanalytic movement. - E. James Lieberman.

Erich Fromm: Conscientious personality type [11.15.00]

Fromm had this type of discordant personality; he told me that he continually struggled with irrational impulses. - Michael Maccoby.

Bruno Bettelheim: Aggressive personality type [11.07.00]

Austrian-born American psychologist known for his work in treating and educating emotionally disturbed children.

Helene Deutsch: Inventive personality type [10.27.00]

Deutsch's long interest in maternal identification stemming from her own mothering now culminated in the development of psychoanalysis for which she is best remembered by analysts - her January 1934 account of 'as if' identity, or 'narcissistic personality disorder' as it is now termed in the USA. -- Janet Sayers.

Melanie Klein: Self-Confident personality type [10.24.00]

Janet Sayers describes a Melanie Klein who was "supremely self-confident" even as a child and young woman.

Hans Eysenck: Aggressive personality type [10.22.00]

At the time of his death in 1997, Eysenck was the de-facto leader of the London school of differential psychology, noted for its realism about hereditarian factors in human psychology....His hard-edged intellect and enquiring spirit will not be replaced easily, as the rise of empirical evidence to support the role of heredity is met with fierce and concerted ideological opposition and intellectual suppression.

Harry Stack Sullivan: Devoted personality type [10.21.00]

Sullivan believes that much of our thinking does not advance beyond the level of parataxis; that we see causal connections between experiences that have nothing to do with one another.

Erik Erikson, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Mark Twain: Inventive personality type [10.14.00]

The focus on the autobiographic essay in Life History occurred largely because of an arresting essay on the cover page of the New York Times Book Review in late March 1975, featuring a recent photograph of Erikson with his impressive white hair, well-groomed mustache, penetrating eyes, and characteristically reflective countenance. Above the photograph was the caption: "Erik Erikson, the man who invented himself."

Carl Jung: Adventurous personality type [10.10.00]

In a letter to Sigmund Freud, Jung expressed high hopes for psychoanalysis and revealed one of his main motivations: "The cultural problem of sexual freedom is really enormous and worth the sweat of all noble souls. But 2000 years of Christianity can only be replaced by something equivalent, an 'irresistible mass movement.'"

Alfred Adler: Vigilant personality type [09.29.00]

Short excerpt from Anger, Madness, and the Daimonic in which Stephen A. Diamond neatly represents the core of Adler's theory.

Sigmund Freud: Solitary personality type [09.22.00]

Psychoanalytic technique can be seen as expressing the needs of a schizoid character. The seemingly cold and uncaring manner that Freud and many psychoanalysts adopted (which has been the subject of much criticism and humor over the years) really originated in Freud's characterological conflict over needs for closeness and distance.

Anna Freud: Devoted personality type [09.06.00]

I think it likely that Anna Freud, in The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, used "case material" to disguise her own autobiography.

Karen Horney: Mercurial personality type [09.01.00]

Karen Horney is a particularly good example of a theorist who has used much material from her own personality to structure her theories of personality and human nature.

Type A Personality [08.17.00]

Specific types of personalities seem to be more susceptible to the effects of stress than others. In 1959, two cardiologists, Drs. Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman, summarized decades of research to come up with the much publicized Type A personality. -- David A. Gershaw.

Captain Queeg: Vigilant personality type [08.08.00]

An excerpt from The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial by Herman Wouk.

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